Background: Scrub typhus is a tropical febrile zoonotic disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi of the rickettsial family. Clinical diagnosis of scrub typhus is often difficult because of similarity of symptoms to other febrile illnesses such as dengue, leptospirosis, malaria and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Accuracy and rapidity of a diagnostic test to Orientia tsutsugamushi is an important step to diagnose this disease. Method: The present study was performed to compare the results of recently introduced IgM ELISA, considered to be a reference standard and rapid card test Bioline SD tsutsugamushi on 232 non-repeated serum serum samples of patients, suspected to be suffering from Scrub Typhus. Results: Out of 232 patients, 32 (13.8%) patients were found to be serologically positive for Scrub Typhus by IgM ELISA and 30 (12.9%) showed positive results by rapid card test Bioline SD tsutsugamushi. Maximum patients (75%) were between the age from 20-50 years. Majority i.e 17 (53.1%) of patients were females. Sensitivity and Specificity of Rapid card test in relation to IgM ELISA was found to be 93.75% and 100% respectively. Positive Predictive Value of Rapid Card test was found to be 100% and Negative Predictive Value was found to be 99.04%. Conclusion: The rapid Scrub Typhus IgM kit can be used as a Point-of-Care (PoC) test as it showed good sensitivity and specificity. The kit would be helpful in both urban and remote rural parts of Himachal Pradesh for the rapid diagnosis of Scrub typhus.

Background: In recent years, bacterial infections have become a major problem and worse in immunocompromised cancer patients. The objective of this study was to observe for drug resistance pattern in bacteria isolated in infections of Skin and soft tissue in Cancer Patients (SSTI). Methods: This is a retrospective study and was carried out checking in to the medical records for 3 years (January 2009 to December 2011). The incidence and drug resistance pattern for various clinically used antibiotics against the isolated bacteria were analyzed. Results: A total of 395 cases of organisms were isolated. The gram negative bacteria accounted for 59.45% of the total culture positives. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli were the most common gram positive and negative bacteria respectively. The isolates were resistant to most antibiotics with highest resistant being seen in the MRSA and the Multidrug resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCONS). However all isolates were sensitive to the new generation antibiotics Linezolid, Tigecycline, Daptomycin and Vancomycin. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the bacteria studied had different resistance to most of the standard antibiotics. However all Gram negative organisms studied were sensitive to colistin, and Gram positive were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and teicoplanin

Special stains are dyes or substances used for special purpose in a histopathology laboratory. They help in differential coloration of cells and tissues in a specimen, help in visualiza tion and thereby assist pathologists in diagnosis. These special stains have a long history of invention w ith the great efforts of the pioneer scientists and advent of new stain in line with the developments in the dye indust ry. This review assesses and compiles the current available literature to provide a sense of the rich legacy of histopathological analysis.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem among the pregnant women, which can complicate the outcome of the pregnancy. The objective of this study was to identify the most common pathogens causing UTI in pregnant women and their antimicrobial susce ptibility pattern METHODS: This was a retrospective study and was carried out checking in to the medical records for one year (January 2016 to December 2016). The incidence and drug resistance pattern for various clinically used antibiotics against these i solated bacteria were analyzed. RESULTS: Data on a total of 117 pregnant women with UTI were retrieved and classified. Majority of the women were primi (52.13%, 61/117), and it found that UTI was common in III rd trimester (66.66%, 78/117). Among Gram nega tive pathogens, E coli and Klebsiella sp were the most common and among gram positive organisms, Streptococcus was seen only around 5% of the study population. Some women were infected by Candida albicans (2.6%) also. The isolates were resistant to commonl y prescribed antibiotics like Ampicillin, amoxyclav. Low level of resistance to Norfloxacin/Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone in the study population makes them drug of choice for empirical antibacterial therapy by oral and intravenous route, respectively CONC LUSIONS: These results indicate that UTI was high in the third trimester and that gram negative organisms were more common. The isolates were resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics like Ampicillin, amoxyclav. Low level of resistance to Norfloxacin/Ci profloxacin and Ceftriaxone in the study population makes them drug of choice for empirical antibacterial therapy by oral and intravenous route, respectively

Ulcers are caused by imbalance between the gastro duodenal mucosal defensive factors such as bicarbonate, mucus versus aggressive factors like acid and pepsin secretion. The drug treatment of peptic ulcer has significantly brought down the morbidity and mortality and need of surgical interventions which may be attributed to the advent of H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors. These symptoms frequently occur several hours following a meal, after the food leaves the st omach but while acid production is still high. Instead of pain, some patients experience intense hunger or bloating. Many animal models are using to induce ulcer to identify the antiulcer property of many new and exist ed drugs such as Pyloras ligated rat, Stress ulcers, Histamine induced gastric ulcers, Cysteamine induced duodenal ulcers and Dulcerozine induced duodenal ulcers.

BACKGROUND: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), by Staphylococcus aureus is a commonly observed phenomena. However, when the organism is methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) the morbidity is high and the organism can also lead to death of the individual if imm unocompromised. Treatment of MRSA involves use of high end drugs that are extremely expensive and accom panied by side effects. METHODS: This is a retrospective study and the medical records for the year 2010 and 2015 for S aureus in SSTIs were accessed. The two time points were selected because in the beginning of the decade Hospital Infection control was upgraded and emphasized through rigorous sensitizatio n and implementation audits. The incidence and drug resistance pattern for various clinically used antibiotics against S aureus at two time points were analyzed.RESULTS:The results indicated that there was a 23.24% decrease in the incidence of MRSA and was significant (p< 0.019). However ther e was an increase in resistance of S aureus to fluoroquinolones and macrolides (p< 0.0001).CONCLUS IONS: The safety measures adopted has immense use in reducing hospital infection and be of use t o public health. This study indicates that adoption of hospital infection control measures by regular practice of the stipulated guidelines is an important way in reducing the incidence of MRSA infection.

Post-operative wound infection, mesh site infection and delayed healing due to Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is scarcely reported in literature and hence they not recognized as a common cause for these. Generally, wound infections due to atypical mycobacteria shows delayed/non- healing because they do not respond to conventional antibiotics. Rapid identification of r apidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) like M.abscessus can be done by molecular methods using DNA probe hybridization. We report a case of non-healing herniorrhaphy due to wound infection by M. abscessus which was later identified by Line probe assay (CM/AS kit) and treated successfully. This cas e report emphasizes the importance of comprehensive evaluation of any non-healing postoperative wound by staining, ca rtridge based nucleic acid amplification test, liquid culture or by any other techniques extensivel y, in order to detecting an elusive cause such as M.abscessus.

Aim: The study was carried out to determine the Immunohistochemical Correlation between the Expression of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) and Estrogen Receptor (ER) i n Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) tissues Materials and Method: A total number of fifty six (56) archived female breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma tissue blocks were used. The tissue blocks were sectioned at not more than 2µ m each. Haematoxylin and Eosin staining method and immunohistochemical staining techniqu e using VDR and ER antibodies were done and the results were correlated. Result and Discussion: The results show that there is a significant difference (P<0.05) found comparing the imunohistochemi cal expression of VDR with ER in IDC tissues. Conclusion: VDR antibody cannot be use in replacement of ER antibody in the immunohistochemical diagnosis of Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast.

Malaria is a mosquito bone disease caused by plasmodium parasite. Several drugs have been developed and used in treatment of this disease but, many of these medications re sults in adverse side effects. This study evaluates the effects of artesunate and amodiaquine (antimalari a agents) in renal functions of wister rats. Fifteen wister rats were divided into 3groups ( n=5). Group 1 served as normal control, groups 2 and 3 were treated with 8mg/kg artesunate and 30mg/kg amodiaquin e respectively for 5 days after which blood samples were collected and centrifuged to obtain serum . Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine (CRT) levels were determined using randox kits. Kidn ey histology was done using haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results were analyzed using one way ANOVA with statistical significance t aken at p<0.05. BUN increased significantly in 30mg/kg amodiaquine treated rats when com pared with normal control and 8mg/kg artesunate treated rats. There was also significant increase in c reatinine level in 30mg/kg amodiaquine treated rats when compared with normal control and 8mg/kg artesunate t reated rats. Histological sections shows glomeruli distortions in both artesunate and amodiaquine treated rats. Artesunate increased BUN while amodiaquine increased both BUN and CRT which are poten tially toxic at high concentrations. Artesunate may therefore be a preferred medication over amodiaquine i n malaria treatment because of its reduced side effects on kidney functions.

Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder where one of the blood clotting proteins is absent or present in a reduced amount. People with Hemophilia, do not bleed faster than any one else; but will bleed continuously at the normal rate until they are treated. As this i s a genetic disorder no complete cure is possible as of now. The available treatment for Hemophilia is by repl acing the missing clotting factor in the blood through an intravenous infusion of clotting factor concentrate. Several new technol ogies are also being implemented to advance Hemophilia, treatment. The present review provides an overview of hemophilia.

HPLC is a form of liquid chromatography used for separating compounds that are dissolved in solution. It is a technique for identification, quantification and puri fication of mixtures for analytical purposes. Applications are found in diverse fields such as in forensic science, phar maceuticals, food and flavor, clinical tests and in many others. Standard Operating Procedure of HPLC System (Make: DION EX, Model: ULTIMATE – 3000) has been developed. The different steps involved for operating HPLC System have been successfully explained.

Background:Our blood is typed, or classified, according to the presence or absence ofcertain markers (antigens) found on red blood cells and in the plasma that allow your body to recognize blood as its own. If another blood type is introduced, your immune system recognizes it as foreign and attacks it,resulting in a transfusion reaction.. The two main blood groups are called ABO (with blood types A, B, AB,and O) and Rh (with Rh D-positive or Rh D-negative blood types). The discovery of the ABO blood group system over 100 years ago, caused a great excitement .Until then, all blood had been assumed to be thesame, and the often tragic consequences of blood transfusions were not understood. The Rh blood group system is the most second important system which has a clinical significant in medical life, and probably the most complex of all red blood group systems. It was discovered by Landsteiner and Winerin 1940. Objectives:This study was designed to detect the frequency of ABO, and Rh(D) blood groups of non-Saudi population in Makkah city-KSA . Materials and Methods:A total of: 3818 subjects were included in this study. Samples were collected from non-Saudi populations in different blood banks in Makkah city. From each subject blood was collected, ABO and Rh blood grouping were carried out by tile method using commercially prepared anti-sera based on hemagglutination and hemolysis reactions.The frequency of each type was calculated. Results:Blood group "O" was the most predominant in non-Saudi population in Makkah city (43%) in both Rh positive and negative subjects, followed by blood group A, B and AB with frequencies of 28.2%, 23%, and 5.6% respectively. Majority of the subjects were Rh (D)positive (98.0%), when only 2% were Rh negative.Conclusions:The frequency of ABO blood groupsin both Rh positive and negative subjects among the non-Saudi ethnic groups in Makah city wassimilar to that reported from neighboring regions. ?